Java Non Access Modifiers

Java provides a number of non-access modifiers to achieve many other functionality.

• The static modifier for creating class methods and variables
• The final modifier for finalizing the implementations of classes, methods, and variables.
• The abstract modifier for creating abstract classes and methods.
• The synchronized and volatile modifiers, which are used for threads.

The static Modifier:

Static Variables:

The static key word is used to create variables that will exist independently of any instances created for the class. Only one copy of the static variable exists regardless of the number of instances of the class.
Static variables are also known as class variables. Local variables cannot be declared static.

Static Methods:

The static key word is used to create methods that will exist independently of any instances created for the class.
Static methods do not use any instance variables of any object of the class they are defined in. Static methods take all the data from parameters and compute something from those parameters, with no reference to variables.
Class variables and methods can be accessed using the class name followed by a dot and the name of the variable or method.

Example:

The static modifier is used to create class methods and variables, as in the following example:

public class InstanceCounter { private static int numInstances = 0; protected static int getCount() { return numInstances; } private static void addInstance() { numInstances++; } InstanceCounter() { InstanceCounter.addInstance(); } public static void main(String[] arguments) { System.out.println("Starting with " + InstanceCounter.getCount() + " instances"); for (int i = 0; i < 500; ++i){ new InstanceCounter(); } System.out.println("Created " + InstanceCounter.getCount() + " instances"); } }

This would produce following result:

Started with 0 instances Created 500 instances

The final Modifier:

final Variables:

A final variable can be explicitly initialized only once. A reference variable declared final can never be reassigned to refer to an different object.
However the data within the object can be changed. So the state of the object can be changed but not the reference.
With variables, the final modifier often is used with static to make the constant a class variable.

Example:

class Test{ final int value=10; // The following are examples of declaring constants: public static final int BOXWIDTH = 6; static final String TITLE = "Manager"; public void changeValue(){ value = 12; //will give an error } }

final Methods:

A final method cannot be overridden by any subclasses. As mentioned previously the final modifier prevents a method from being modified in a subclass.
The main intention of making a method final would be that the content of the method should not be changed by any outsider.

Example:

You declare methods using the final modifier in the class declaration, as in the following example:

class Test{ public final void changeName(){ // body of method } }

final Classes:

The main purpose of using a class being declared as final is to prevent the class from being subclassed. If a class is marked as final then no class can inherit any feature from the final class.

Example:

public final class Test { // body of class }

The abstract Modifier:

abstract Class:

An abstract class can never be instantiated. If a class is declared as abstract then the sole purpose is for the class to be extended.
A class cannot be both abstract and final. (since a final class cannot be extended). If a class contains abstract methods then the class should be declared abstract. Otherwise a compile error will be thrown.
An abstract class may contain both abstract methods as well normal methods.

Example:

abstract class Caravan{ private double price; private String model; private String year; public abstract void goFast(); //an abstract method public abstract void changeColor(); }

abstract Methods:

An abstract method is a method declared with out any implementation. The methods body(implementation) is provided by the subclass. Abstract methods can never be final or strict.
Any class that extends an abstract class must implement all the abstract methods of the super class unless the subclass is also an abstract class.
If a class contains one or more abstract methods then the class must be declared abstract. An abstract class does not need to contain abstract methods.
The abstract method ends with a semicolon. Example: public abstract sample();

Example:

public abstract class SuperClass{ abstract void m(); //abstract method } class SubClass extends SuperClass{ // implements the abstract method void m(){ ......... } }

The synchronized Modifier:

The synchronized key word used to indicate that a method can be accessed by only one thread at a time. The synchronized modifier can be applied with any of the four access level modifiers.

Example:

public synchronized void showDetails(){ ....... }

The transient Modifier:

An instance variable is marked transient to indicate the JVM to skip the particular variable when serializing the object containing it.
This modifier is included in the statement that creates the variable, preceding the class or data type of the variable.

Example:

public transient int limit = 55; // will not persist public int b; // will persist

The volatile Modifier:

The volatile is used to let the JVM know that a thread accessing the variable must always merge its own private copy of the variable with the master copy in the memory.
Accessing a volatile variable synchronizes all the cached copied of the variables in the main memory. Volatile can only be applied to instance variables which are of type object or private. A volatile object reference can be null.

Example:

public class MyRunnable implements Runnable { private volatile boolean active; public void run() { active = true; while (active) // line 1 { // some code here } } public void stop() { active = false; // line 2 } }

Usually, run() is called in one thread (the one you start using the Runnable), and stop() is called from another thread. If in line 1 the cached value of active is used, the loop may not stop when you set active to false in line 2. That's when you want to use volatile.